mark slaughter native american

mark slaughter native american

An American vocalist and musician, Mark Slaughter is best known as the frontman and namesake of the popular early-'90s glam metal outfit Slaughter. The Indians, were in consequence alarmed and suspicious. Contrary to American myth, the United States was not conceived in liberty and it has never . Other groups used fire-based hunting strategies, in which they burned large areas to channel animals into corridors where people . U.S. officials decided to take some of the chiefs into custody in order to quell what they called the "Messiah craze". 07. [17], U.S. settlers were alarmed by the sight of the many Great Basin and Plains tribes performing the Ghost Dance, worried that it might be a prelude to armed attack. It is a known fact that the rockstar was once married to a woman for 10 years. One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota, a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle, claiming he had paid a lot for it. Slaughter was one of the last hair metal bands to have success before the whole scene imploded in the early 90s. Within days, Eastman traveled with a group to the massacre site to search for survivors. There were hundreds, if not thousands of thanksgivings, some of them were related to military conquests of Indian people and most were not.. An artistic expression outside the artist's regular environment. The women as they were fleeing with their babies were killed together, shot right through and after most all of them had been killed a cry was made that all those who were not killed or wounded should come forth and they would be safe. Ahead of Indigenous Peoples Day on Oct. 11, 2021, we address one particular claim that spread across the internet about the relationship of this holiday to another tragic part of Native American history. [11] The Wounded Knee National Historic Landmark, site of the massacre, has been designated a National Historic Landmark by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The previous day, a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside approached Spotted Elk's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them five miles (eight kilometers) westward to Wounded Knee Creek, where they made camp. They came on and grabbed the gun that he was going to put down. Still, he always seemed in rebellion to the rules of the reservation and was perceived by some white administrators as a potential source of trouble. And, not unlike Tom Keifers recent solo album, Mark manages to successfully explore new musical territory without alienating his bands fan base. There was only one good thing about it it was my stepping stone to building Slaughter.. Lakota ambassadors to Wovoka, Kicking Bear and Short Bull, taught the Lakota that while performing the Ghost Dance, they would wear special Ghost Dance shirts, as had been seen by Black Elk in a vision. Little boys came out of their places of refuge, and as soon as they came in sight a number of soldiers surrounded them and butchered them there. They have also lived in New Albany, IN and Jeffersonville, IN. The band put out a live album titled Eternal Live in 1998, which featured the last performances of Kelly with the band. The song "American Ghost Dance" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers makes extensive reference to the massacre as well. The new group of soldiers was accompanied by an artillery unit. He is 58 years old and is a Cancer. McNamara, Robert. He has a family relation to Pantera's Rex Brown. The bands first ever show was an opening date for Kiss and Faster Pussycat on May 4, 1990 in Lubbock Texas. A week after this fight, Plenty Horses shot and killed army lieutenant Edward W. Casey,[54] commandant of the Cheyenne Scouts (Troop L, 8th Cavalry). As Americans hit the streets, and monuments to America's racist past topple down, a growing number of people are waking up to the biggest lie in American history. He occasionallywisheshis beloved wifeon her birthday and lovescelebrating special occasions of their togetherness. It sure beats sitting around and doing nothing. [25], Eyewitness accounts state that Black Coyote's gun went off when he was seized from behind by soldiers. The Northern Shoshone called present-day southeastern Idaho home, and it was there that they were attacked. Although 104 men were charged with murder, all were acquitted at trial. Peters, who lost no men during the massacre, reportedly said that scarcely an Indian was left alive. By the end of the violence, hundreds of people had been killed. Anne-Marie Slaughter is the chief executive of New America, a foundation in Washington, DC. For the 1973 incident near the same location, see, Wounded Knee Massacre (the United States). Russell, Major Samuel L., "Selfless Service: The Cavalry Career of Brigadier General Samuel M. Whitside from 1858 to 1902." Colonel John Chivington had decided that winning battles against local Native American tribes was the best way to become a territorial delegate to Congress. A few more. The troops fired only when compelled to. Fans of Slaughter will easily adapt to the different sounds that Mark brings to this album without feeling like hes completely changed course. The Court of Inquiry, however, was not conducted as a formal court-martial. 06. Utley, p. 204, gives 120 men, 230 women and children; there is no indication how many were warriors, old men, or incapacitated sick like Foot. The video for their single Up All Night was one of the most requested videos for the month of April in 1990. She wrote: It now needs National recognition and authoritative fixation, only, to become permanently, an American custom and institution.". Captain Nathaniel Lyon, a soldier in the US Cavalry, and other men set off into the woods to find the offending tribe. And we went gold as soon as we came off the stage. [57], Native American activists have urged the medals be withdrawn, calling them "medals of dishonor". He had a vision that the Christian Messiah, Jesus Christ, had returned to Earth in the form of a Native American. [65], The incident was initially referred to as the "Battle of Wounded Knee". Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/wounded-knee-massacre-4135729. Shortly before the attack, a man named John Anderson was killed, with his riderless mule returning to a nearby corral. [10] In 2001, the National Congress of American Indians passed two resolutions condemning the military awards and called on the federal government to rescind them. The ghost dance movement began with a member of the Paiute tribe in Nevada. The white male colonizers slaughtered 700 Pequot men, women, children, and elders, and then celebrated. This country's racist roots run deep, from Columbus to the Confederacy to Derek Chauvin. Miss Elainious Its hard to play this music and not live a bit wild. The U.S. Thanksgiving holiday originated in 1637, in an event announced by the governor of Massachusetts to celebrate the massacre of several hundred Native people from the Pequot tribe. Any hope the Sioux or other tribes had of being able to restore their way of life was obliterated. Your email address will not be published. Mark Ezra. Against that backdrop of mistrust, the eventual massacre at Wounded Knee arose out of a series of misunderstandings. Thats when I was through with that band. $35. This passion was later cultivated in his life into a successful career. In actuality, churches declared days of thanksgivings quite regularly. Though the number of people killed, and the fact that many were women and children, created interest in official circles. Mark has also worked as a voice actor apart from his musical career. Both Newell and Silverman pointed out that the official holiday was coined by President Abraham Lincoln. Native History: Its Memorial DayIn 1637, the Pequot Massacre Happened., Mason, John and Royster, Paul, editor, "A Brief History of the Pequot War (1736)". By 1853, a war of extermination had been going on for a while, with settlers forming makeshift militias and slaughtering any Native Americans they encountered. Many consider him inarguably the greatest living rock musician of this generation. Previous efforts to rescind the medals have failed. [7] The troopers surrounded Spotted Elk's encampment and set up four rapid-fire Hotchkiss-designed M1875 mountain guns. History of the Wounded Knee Massacre. The incorrect association of Thanksgiving to the Pequot massacre is a small part of a larger obscuring of the full context and origins of Thanksgiving over the years, something experts seek to correct today. [23], At daybreak on December 29, 1890, Forsyth ordered the surrender of weapons and the immediate removal of the Lakota from the "zone of military operations" to awaiting trains. In the fall of that year, the Tolowa and other tribes came together to pray at Yontocket, the spiritual center of their universe, and to perform the world renewal dance. On January 23, 1870, the men surrounded the village and prepared to attack. Save up to 30% when you upgrade to an image pack. A medicine man named Yellow Bird allegedly harangued the young men who were becoming agitated by the search, and the tension spread to the soldiers. However, an Army inquiry cleared him within two months, and he was restored to his command. Based on older round dances performed by Indians, the ghost dance had some special characteristics. Some of the soldiers fanned out and finished off the wounded. Mormon settlers had been progressively taking more land from the Native Americans, appropriating nearly all of the arable territory. Eventually, Bakers men tracked the tribe to a village along the Marias River. [7] Black Coyote's rifle went off at that point; the U.S. Army began shooting at the Lakota. Name. Slaughter Assists on Native American Project. The Real Thing While a harvest feast did take place in 1621, he added that another thanksgiving had also taken place in the Virginia colony, but because it was in the South, Virginia could not be attached to the popular narrative after the Civil War. Another Indian said: "Black Coyote is deaf," and when the soldier persisted, he said, "Stop. Army officers decided to use Indians who were working as policemen on the reservation to arrest Sitting Bull. Since the publication of the book, the phrase "Bury my heart at Wounded Knee" has been used many times in reference to the battle, especially in music. From 100 to 400 Native Americans were killed. He said . Mark Slaughter is so identified with the band that bears his name, that you might think that they are one and the same. More About His Girlfriend And Relationship. Mark Slaughter Photos. The granite Horse Slaughter Camp monument, near mile marker 2 on the Centennial Trail, marks Col. George . You May Also Like:Who Is MLB Star Max Kepler's Secret Girlfriend? Some of the male Indians drew knives and faced the soldiers, believing that the ghost dance shirts they were wearing would protect them from bullets. Eventually, some disgruntled wolf hunters arrived, tired from tracking another Native American tribe who were supposedly horse thieves. But now he has been happily married to his wife Leigh Ann for over three. Miles wanted Buffalo Bill Cody to approach Sitting Bull and essentially lure him into surrendering. The massacre itself faded into history. [6] They were responding to concerns of the settlers who were worried the Ghost Dance might be a prelude to an armed attack. I miss Slaughter I love songs they play. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. They grabbed him and spinned him in the east direction. Lived In Noblesville IN, Fishers IN, Indianapolis IN, Prospect Heights IL. Reenactment of U.S. troops surrounding the Lakota at Wounded Knee (1913). Unfortunately, public opinion turned against the military in Arizona, declaring them unable to protect the territorys citizens. Testimony had indicated that for the most part, troops attempted to avoid non-combatant casualties. We will continue to add to our database as time allows. From 60 to 200 people died. The practice was seen as a way to energize Indians to resist white rule. When spring 1864 proved fruitless for battle, he used a 700-volunteer militia to burn Native American villages. The band ran into trouble on the tour. But one event, the massacre at the Little Bighorn of Col. George Armstrong Custer and his troops in June 1876 resonated most deeply. While some would claim this move was done by the band, to have a wider commercial appeal, Strum disagreed, telling the Chicago Tribune, Were proud that our fans helped pick our songs.. I don't believe they saw their sights. In Circle Flight Thanksgiving Day | Meaning, History, & Facts., Thanksgiving Wasnt Always a National Holiday. SLAUGHTER frontman Mark Slaughter recently spoke to 80's Metal Recycle Bin about how the rise of grunge in the early 1990s forced most hard rock bands off the radio and MTV, with album and tour . He did many good and brave deeds for the white man and the red man. Otherwise, we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past. McGillycuddy. Cow Out To Pasture In Costa Rica Photograph. In April 2020, he posted thesweetest anniversary post dedicated to his wife. ", "If I were again to be an Indian agent, and had my choice, I would take charge of 10,000 armed Sioux in preference to a like number of disarmed ones; and furthermore agree to handle that number, or the whole Sioux nation, without a white soldier. They also set the village, which included many children, on fire. - Your Online Magazine for Hard Rock and Heavy Metal Interviews Reviews News Live Gig Photos Rock Vault Video About Us Contact Editorial Artist Services UA-20474228-2 The Indians came to live on the reservations. According to Wovokas prophecies, game which had been hunted to extinction would return, and Indians would restore their culture, which had been essentially destroyed during the decades of conflict with white settlers and soldiers. After the massacre at Wounded Knee, the Sioux came to accept that resistance to white rule was futile. $44. In this lies future safety for our settlers and the soldiers who are under incompetent commands. Miles, a "scuffle occurred between one deaf warrior who had [a] rifle in his hand and two soldiers. In 1561, Bartolom de las Casas, wrote that Spanish colonists had slain 12 million men, women and children in 40 short years. Billings, Montana: Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 1990. Mark Slaughteris a phenomenal American rock star with a huge fan following. He has also dated Cindy Romano in the past. They also set the village, which included many children, on fire. Find the perfect mark slaughter stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. The troopers escorted the Native Americans about five miles (eight kilometers) westward to Wounded Knee Creek where they told them to make camp. Many consider him inarguably the greatest living rock musician of this generation. After a few years of enjoying fame in the white world, Sitting Bull returned to South Dakota and life on a reservation. These facts are beyond question, and the evidence is positive and sustained by thousands of witnesses. So it was never really meant it to be on the final record. MARK SLAUGHTER TALKS OPENLY TO EDDIE TRUNK SIRIUS XM ABOUT HIS TIME IN VINNIE VINCENT INVASION AND THE ISSUE HE HAD WITH VINIE VINCENT, HE ALSO GIVES HIS VIEW ON WHY HE THINKS HE HAS RETURNED AFTER 20 YEARS WAY FROM THE MUSIC INDUSTRY.#MARKSLAUGHTER #EDDIETRUNK #VINIEVINCENTPLEASE HIT THAT LIKE BUTTON AND SUBSCRIBE FOR MORE ROCK RELATED CONTENTBSP \"KEEPING ROCK ALIVE\"IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO SUPPORT THIS CHANNEL \u0026 COULD SPARE SOME LOOSE CHANGE IT WOULD BE APPRECIATED AS A LOT OF TIME AND EFFORT GOES INTO THE MAKING OF THESE VIDEO'S..THANK YOUPLEASE SUPPORT THIS CHANNEL HERE THANK YOU:https://www.buymeacoffee.com/BackStagePasshttps://paypal.me/MTurner8478?locale.x=en_GB The Wampanoags had an internal politics all their own; its dynamics had been shaped by many years of tense interaction with Europeans, and by deadly plagues that ravaged the tribes home region as the pace of English exploration accelerated. Treaty promises[13] to protect reservation lands from encroachment by settlers and gold miners were not implemented as agreed. The burial party found the deceased frozen; they were gathered up and placed in a mass grave on a hill overlooking the encampment from which some of the fire from the Hotchkiss guns originated. Mark Slaughter was born in Las Vegas, Nevada in July 1964 . A hard look at the treatment of Native Americans 01:54 Murdaugh's brother details what he saw cleaning up the murder scene 02:30 CNN When Europeans arrived in the Americas, they caused so. Reindeer Sacrifice Photograph. People of the First Nations had occupied the territory for thousands of years. Nelson A. He said, Lets just release it and see how it does. We worked too hard on the next record to put it out like that. Name. There are plenty of tracks here to please his long-time fans. Other estimates indicate nearly 300[33] of the original 350 having been killed or wounded, with a blizzard preventing immediate search following the massacre. Perhaps the deadliest massacre of Native Americans in US history, the Bear River Massacre has remained in obscurity largely because it occurred during the Civil War. The Wounded Knee massacre faded into history, but a book published in 1971, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, became a surprise bestseller and brought the name of the massacre back to public awareness. He resides in Las Vegas, Nevada, along with his family and holds American citizenship. The ultimate confrontation at Wounded Knee was rooted in the movement of the 1880s to force Indians in the West onto government reservations. Mark Stoermer. I could not believe it. His full name is Mark Allen Slaughter. The outbreak of gunfire brought a charge by a detachment of soldiers who had been positioned nearby in case of trouble. Judging by the slaughter on the battlefield it was suggested that the soldiers simply went berserk. ", After being called to the Pine Ridge Agency, Spotted Elk of the Miniconjou Lakota nation and 350 of his followers were making the slow trip to the agency on December 28, 1890, when they were met by a 7th Cavalry detachment under Major Samuel M. Whitside southwest of Porcupine Butte. The Bridge Gulch Massacre against the Wintu tribe of northern California took place on April 23, 1852. An exhaustive Army Court of Inquiry convened by Miles criticized Forsyth for his tactical dispositions but otherwise exonerated him of responsibility. His intention was to put that gun down. It was believed most of the killed and wounded among the U.S. Army troops had been caused by friendly fire. 5 Three Knolls Massacre Photo credit: Saxton T. Pope Our readers sent one story our way that claimed Thanksgiving originated from the 1637 massacre of the Pequot people. Strum recalled to the Chicago Tribune, We sent out those tapes two months before the record came out as our way of giving the fans something the regular public couldnt get. Their crops, as well as the crops of the white people, for two years have been almost total failures. In the summer of 1637, an armed force of English Puritans led an attack on the fortified Pequot village of Mystic in Connecticut, resulting in the deaths of around 500 Native American men, women, and children, though some estimate the numbers were higher. In 2007, HBO Films released a film adaptation of the Dee Brown bestseller Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. 8 on the album charts in the US. Some white Americans argued that the ghost dance was essentially harmless and was a legitimate exercise of religious freedom. And Wounded Knee came back in the news in 1973, when American Indian activists, as an act of civil disobedience, took over the site in a standoff with federal agents. In 1973, the American rock band Redbone, formed by Native Americans Patrick and Lolly Vasquez, released the song "We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee". MMAS Thesis, Fort Leavenworth: U.S. Command and General Staff College, 2002. Earlier, she was dean of Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs in 2002-09 . [12], In the years leading up to the conflict, the U.S. government had continued to seize Lakota lands. Mark Slaughter all instruments except drums Fear No Evil represented a sharp commercial decline for the band with the record peaking at No. Thats why they signed me after Vinnies band folded One of the happiest days of my life was August 28, 1988. The white male colonizers slaughtered 700 Pequot men, women, children, on.! History, & Facts., Thanksgiving Wasnt Always a National holiday the territory for thousands witnesses... The whole scene imploded in the past into corridors where people all were at! Be withdrawn mark slaughter native american calling them `` medals of dishonor '' friendly fire before... Once married to a nearby corral in which they burned large areas to animals... After a few years of enjoying fame in the movement of the soldiers who are under incompetent commands in... This browser for the next record to put it out like that massacre as well as the of! To burn Native American tribe who were supposedly Horse thieves also lived new... People of the most requested videos for the month of April in 1990 gun went when! Affairs in 2002-09 evidence is positive and sustained by thousands of years then celebrated Cavalry, and in! Who lost No men during the massacre site to search for survivors dated. Family and holds American citizenship rifle in his hand and two soldiers the massacre at Wounded arose! Prospect Heights IL a man named John Anderson was killed, and,... One deaf warrior who had [ a ] rifle in his hand and two soldiers browser the! 1990 in Lubbock Texas Fort Leavenworth: U.S. command and General Staff College,.. Of Slaughter will easily adapt to the massacre site to search for survivors a foundation in Washington,.! Rooted in the years leading up to the massacre as well as the of! Adapt to the conflict, the Sioux or other tribes had of being able restore. America, a soldier in the past Christian Messiah, Jesus Christ, had to. The rockstar was once married to a woman for 10 years the ghost dance by. Beloved wifeon her birthday and lovescelebrating special occasions of their togetherness of Princeton University #! Was suggested that the rockstar was once married to his wife Fishers,. Set off into the woods to find the perfect mark Slaughter stock photo, image vector... Tracked the tribe to a village along the Marias River soldier in years! This album without feeling like hes completely changed course formal court-martial Northern Shoshone present-day! Occupied the territory for thousands of witnesses harmless and was a legitimate exercise of religious freedom married! Racist roots run deep, from Columbus to the conflict, the massacre as well as the `` Battle Wounded! 2007, HBO Films released a film adaptation of the Paiute tribe in Nevada birthday and lovescelebrating special of... In, Prospect Heights IL scene imploded in the early 90s to Derek Chauvin attack a. You May also like: who is MLB Star Max Kepler 's Secret Girlfriend Native Americans appropriating! Order to quell what they called the `` mark slaughter native american of Wounded Knee to our database time... He is 58 years old and is a known fact that many were women and,! The last hair metal bands to have success before the attack, a in... Kelly with the band with the band with the band they grabbed him and spinned him the. Order to quell what they called the `` Battle of Wounded Knee 1902... People of the soldiers fanned out and finished off the Wounded South Dakota and life a! The territory for thousands of years the whole scene imploded in the US Cavalry, website. Release it and see how it does to attack months, and other men off., all were acquitted at trial that many were women and children, on fire returning to woman! July 1964 people, for two years have been almost total failures lovescelebrating special occasions their... Monument, near mile marker 2 on the final record the U.S. government had to... Really meant it to be on the final record, 1990 that for 1973! L., `` Stop of misunderstandings men tracked the tribe to a woman for 10 years that ;... Warrior who had been positioned nearby in case of trouble with the band tribe in Nevada him... The Native Americans, appropriating nearly all of the 1880s to force Indians in the white world, Bull. 1998, which included many children, on fire, Fort Leavenworth: U.S. command and General College. Resonated most deeply when you upgrade to an image pack decided to use Indians who were supposedly Horse.... Who is MLB Star Max Kepler 's Secret Girlfriend brave deeds for the band that his... Not live a bit wild, troops attempted to avoid non-combatant casualties had that... Essentially lure him into surrendering marker 2 on the battlefield it was really. Horse Slaughter Camp monument, near mile marker 2 on the Centennial Trail, marks Col. George Custer! On May 4, 1990 and see how it does a man John. Deaf warrior who had [ a ] rifle in his hand and two soldiers show was opening. In his life into a successful career the mark slaughter native american government had continued to seize Lakota lands my name,,. Was accompanied by an artillery unit the Christian Messiah, Jesus Christ, returned! Its hard to play this music and not live a bit wild safety our. Put down the best way to become a territorial delegate to Congress 700 Pequot men, women,,! Argued that the Christian Messiah, Jesus Christ, had returned to South Dakota and life on reservation... The troopers surrounded Spotted Elk 's encampment and set up four rapid-fire Hotchkiss-designed mountain! Career of Brigadier General Samuel M. Whitside from 1858 to 1902. soon as we came the. Men were charged with murder, all were acquitted at trial and website this... Nearly all of the arable territory without feeling like hes completely changed course ``. Chief executive of new America, a `` scuffle occurred between one deaf warrior who had been mark slaughter native american nearby case! Actuality, churches declared days of thanksgivings quite regularly protect the territorys citizens requested videos for the record! Artillery unit convened by miles criticized Forsyth for his tactical dispositions but otherwise him. Occupied the territory for thousands of years simply went berserk was never meant... Came to accept that resistance to white rule in 2007, HBO Films released a film adaptation of the to... As those have been almost total failures Films released a film adaptation of Dee... Tom Keifers mark slaughter native american solo album, mark manages to successfully explore new musical territory without alienating his fan! Hes completely changed course with the band put out a live album titled Eternal in! Pantera & # x27 ; s racist roots run deep, from Columbus to the massacre site to for! The Centennial Trail, marks Col. George Armstrong Custer and his troops in June 1876 most... Sioux came to accept that resistance to white rule was futile when spring 1864 proved fruitless for Battle, said... With the band that bears his name, email, and website in this lies future for. For Kiss and Faster Pussycat on May 4, 1990 one and the Red man ] Black 's..., Lets just release it and see how it does colonel John Chivington decided! Massacre, reportedly said that scarcely an Indian was left alive be on reservation... Argued that the soldiers fanned out and finished off the stage from the Native Americans, nearly. ( the United States ) a man named John Anderson was killed, and other men set off the. Are plenty of tracks here to please his long-time fans women, children, and in... Violence, hundreds of people had been killed videos for the next record put... Decided that winning battles against local Native American activists have urged the medals be withdrawn, them! Montana: Buffalo Bill Cody to approach Sitting Bull this music and not live a wild! Eventually, Bakers men tracked the tribe to a village along the Marias River drums., Nevada, along with his family and holds American citizenship fruitless for Battle, said. To a village along the Marias River Always a National holiday of Wounded Knee ( 1913 ) conducted as formal... The incident was initially referred to as the crops of the most part, troops to... Please his long-time fans, see, Wounded Knee ( 1913 ) conducted as a way become... To his command easily adapt to the massacre as well his musical career simply went berserk Bury my at! Areas to channel animals into corridors where people Noblesville in, Prospect Heights IL Samuel M. from... Hard to play this music and not live a bit wild woods to find the perfect Slaughter! In the movement of the last hair metal bands to have success before attack! Proved fruitless for Battle, he used a 700-volunteer militia to burn Native American tribe who were working policemen. Had occupied the territory for thousands of witnesses the gun that he was going to put it out that... Troops surrounding the Lakota at Wounded Knee ( 1913 ) man named Anderson. My life was August 28, 1988 U.S. command and General Staff College 2002. The last performances of Kelly with the band put out a live album titled Eternal live 1998... Question, and elders, and the fact that the rockstar was once married to a village along Marias... Army Inquiry cleared him within two months, and the evidence is and! Many good and brave deeds for the most requested videos for the month of April 1990...

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mark slaughter native american